# skopt.BayesSearchCV¶

class skopt.BayesSearchCV(estimator, search_spaces, optimizer_kwargs=None, n_iter=50, scoring=None, fit_params=None, n_jobs=1, n_points=1, iid=True, refit=True, cv=None, verbose=0, pre_dispatch='2*n_jobs', random_state=None, error_score='raise', return_train_score=False)[source][source]

Bayesian optimization over hyper parameters.

BayesSearchCV implements a “fit” and a “score” method. It also implements “predict”, “predict_proba”, “decision_function”, “transform” and “inverse_transform” if they are implemented in the estimator used.

The parameters of the estimator used to apply these methods are optimized by cross-validated search over parameter settings.

In contrast to GridSearchCV, not all parameter values are tried out, but rather a fixed number of parameter settings is sampled from the specified distributions. The number of parameter settings that are tried is given by n_iter.

Parameters are presented as a list of skopt.space.Dimension objects.

Parameters
estimatorestimator object.

A object of that type is instantiated for each search point. This object is assumed to implement the scikit-learn estimator api. Either estimator needs to provide a score function, or scoring must be passed.

search_spacesdict, list of dict or list of tuple containing

(dict, int). One of these cases: 1. dictionary, where keys are parameter names (strings) and values are skopt.space.Dimension instances (Real, Integer or Categorical) or any other valid value that defines skopt dimension (see skopt.Optimizer docs). Represents search space over parameters of the provided estimator. 2. list of dictionaries: a list of dictionaries, where every dictionary fits the description given in case 1 above. If a list of dictionary objects is given, then the search is performed sequentially for every parameter space with maximum number of evaluations set to self.n_iter. 3. list of (dict, int > 0): an extension of case 2 above, where first element of every tuple is a dictionary representing some search subspace, similarly as in case 2, and second element is a number of iterations that will be spent optimizing over this subspace.

n_iterint, default=50

Number of parameter settings that are sampled. n_iter trades off runtime vs quality of the solution. Consider increasing n_points if you want to try more parameter settings in parallel.

optimizer_kwargsdict, optional

Dict of arguments passed to Optimizer. For example, {'base_estimator': 'RF'} would use a Random Forest surrogate instead of the default Gaussian Process.

scoringstring, callable or None, default=None

A string (see model evaluation documentation) or a scorer callable object / function with signature scorer(estimator, X, y). If None, the score method of the estimator is used.

fit_paramsdict, optional

Parameters to pass to the fit method.

n_jobsint, default=1

Number of jobs to run in parallel. At maximum there are n_points times cv jobs available during each iteration.

n_pointsint, default=1

Number of parameter settings to sample in parallel. If this does not align with n_iter, the last iteration will sample less points. See also ask()

pre_dispatchint, or string, optional

Controls the number of jobs that get dispatched during parallel execution. Reducing this number can be useful to avoid an explosion of memory consumption when more jobs get dispatched than CPUs can process. This parameter can be:

• None, in which case all the jobs are immediately created and spawned. Use this for lightweight and fast-running jobs, to avoid delays due to on-demand spawning of the jobs

• An int, giving the exact number of total jobs that are spawned

• A string, giving an expression as a function of n_jobs, as in ‘2*n_jobs’

iidboolean, default=True

If True, the data is assumed to be identically distributed across the folds, and the loss minimized is the total loss per sample, and not the mean loss across the folds.

cvint, cross-validation generator or an iterable, optional

Determines the cross-validation splitting strategy. Possible inputs for cv are:

• None, to use the default 3-fold cross validation,

• integer, to specify the number of folds in a (Stratified)KFold,

• An object to be used as a cross-validation generator.

• An iterable yielding train, test splits.

For integer/None inputs, if the estimator is a classifier and y is either binary or multiclass, StratifiedKFold is used. In all other cases, KFold is used.

refitboolean, default=True

Refit the best estimator with the entire dataset. If “False”, it is impossible to make predictions using this RandomizedSearchCV instance after fitting.

verboseinteger

Controls the verbosity: the higher, the more messages.

random_stateint or RandomState

Pseudo random number generator state used for random uniform sampling from lists of possible values instead of scipy.stats distributions.

error_score‘raise’ (default) or numeric

Value to assign to the score if an error occurs in estimator fitting. If set to ‘raise’, the error is raised. If a numeric value is given, FitFailedWarning is raised. This parameter does not affect the refit step, which will always raise the error.

return_train_scoreboolean, default=False

If 'True', the cv_results_ attribute will include training scores.

Attributes

A dict with keys as column headers and values as columns, that can be imported into a pandas DataFrame.

For instance the below given table

param_kernel

param_gamma

split0_test_score

rank_test_score

‘rbf’

0.1

0.8

2

‘rbf’

0.2

0.9

1

‘rbf’

0.3

0.7

1

will be represented by a cv_results_ dict of:

{
'param_kernel' : masked_array(data = ['rbf', 'rbf', 'rbf'],
'split0_test_score'  : [0.8, 0.9, 0.7],
'split1_test_score'  : [0.82, 0.5, 0.7],
'mean_test_score'    : [0.81, 0.7, 0.7],
'std_test_score'     : [0.02, 0.2, 0.],
'rank_test_score'    : [3, 1, 1],
'split0_train_score' : [0.8, 0.9, 0.7],
'split1_train_score' : [0.82, 0.5, 0.7],
'mean_train_score'   : [0.81, 0.7, 0.7],
'std_train_score'    : [0.03, 0.03, 0.04],
'mean_fit_time'      : [0.73, 0.63, 0.43, 0.49],
'std_fit_time'       : [0.01, 0.02, 0.01, 0.01],
'mean_score_time'    : [0.007, 0.06, 0.04, 0.04],
'std_score_time'     : [0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005],
'params' : [{'kernel' : 'rbf', 'gamma' : 0.1}, ...],
}


NOTE that the key 'params' is used to store a list of parameter settings dict for all the parameter candidates.

The mean_fit_time, std_fit_time, mean_score_time and std_score_time are all in seconds.

best_estimator_estimator

Estimator that was chosen by the search, i.e. estimator which gave highest score (or smallest loss if specified) on the left out data. Not available if refit=False.

optimizer_results_list of OptimizeResult

Contains a OptimizeResult for each search space. The search space parameter are sorted by its name.

best_score_float

Score of best_estimator on the left out data.

best_params_dict

Parameter setting that gave the best results on the hold out data.

best_index_int

The index (of the cv_results_ arrays) which corresponds to the best candidate parameter setting.

The dict at search.cv_results_['params'][search.best_index_] gives the parameter setting for the best model, that gives the highest mean score (search.best_score_).

scorer_function

Scorer function used on the held out data to choose the best parameters for the model.

n_splits_int

The number of cross-validation splits (folds/iterations).

GridSearchCV

Does exhaustive search over a grid of parameters.

Notes

The parameters selected are those that maximize the score of the held-out data, according to the scoring parameter.

If n_jobs was set to a value higher than one, the data is copied for each parameter setting(and not n_jobs times). This is done for efficiency reasons if individual jobs take very little time, but may raise errors if the dataset is large and not enough memory is available. A workaround in this case is to set pre_dispatch. Then, the memory is copied only pre_dispatch many times. A reasonable value for pre_dispatch is 2 * n_jobs.

Examples

>>> from skopt import BayesSearchCV
>>> # parameter ranges are specified by one of below
>>> from skopt.space import Real, Categorical, Integer
>>>
>>> from sklearn.svm import SVC
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
>>>
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y,
...                                                     train_size=0.75,
...                                                     random_state=0)
>>>
>>> # log-uniform: understand as search over p = exp(x) by varying x
>>> opt = BayesSearchCV(
...     SVC(),
...     {
...         'C': Real(1e-6, 1e+6, prior='log-uniform'),
...         'gamma': Real(1e-6, 1e+1, prior='log-uniform'),
...         'degree': Integer(1,8),
...         'kernel': Categorical(['linear', 'poly', 'rbf']),
...     },
...     n_iter=32,
...     random_state=0
... )
>>>
>>> # executes bayesian optimization
>>> _ = opt.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>>
>>> # model can be saved, used for predictions or scoring
>>> print(opt.score(X_test, y_test))
0.973...


Methods

 Call decision_function on the estimator with the best found parameters. fit(X[, y, groups, callback]) Run fit on the estimator with randomly drawn parameters. get_params([deep]) Get parameters for this estimator. Call inverse_transform on the estimator with the best found params. Call predict on the estimator with the best found parameters. Call predict_log_proba on the estimator with the best found parameters. Call predict_proba on the estimator with the best found parameters. score(X[, y]) Returns the score on the given data, if the estimator has been refit. set_params(**params) Set the parameters of this estimator. Call transform on the estimator with the best found parameters.
__init__(estimator, search_spaces, optimizer_kwargs=None, n_iter=50, scoring=None, fit_params=None, n_jobs=1, n_points=1, iid=True, refit=True, cv=None, verbose=0, pre_dispatch='2*n_jobs', random_state=None, error_score='raise', return_train_score=False)[source][source]

Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.

decision_function(X)[source]

Call decision_function on the estimator with the best found parameters.

Only available if refit=True and the underlying estimator supports decision_function.

Parameters
Xindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.

fit(X, y=None, groups=None, callback=None)[source][source]

Run fit on the estimator with randomly drawn parameters.

Parameters
Xarray-like or sparse matrix, shape = [n_samples, n_features]

The training input samples.

yarray-like, shape = [n_samples] or [n_samples, n_output]

Target relative to X for classification or regression (class labels should be integers or strings).

groupsarray-like, with shape (n_samples,), optional

Group labels for the samples used while splitting the dataset into train/test set.

callback: [callable, list of callables, optional]

If callable then callback(res) is called after each parameter combination tested. If list of callables, then each callable in the list is called.

get_params(deep=True)[source]

Get parameters for this estimator.

Parameters
deepbool, default=True

If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and contained subobjects that are estimators.

Returns
paramsmapping of string to any

Parameter names mapped to their values.

inverse_transform(Xt)[source]

Call inverse_transform on the estimator with the best found params.

Only available if the underlying estimator implements inverse_transform and refit=True.

Parameters
Xtindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.

predict(X)[source]

Call predict on the estimator with the best found parameters.

Only available if refit=True and the underlying estimator supports predict.

Parameters
Xindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.

predict_log_proba(X)[source]

Call predict_log_proba on the estimator with the best found parameters.

Only available if refit=True and the underlying estimator supports predict_log_proba.

Parameters
Xindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.

predict_proba(X)[source]

Call predict_proba on the estimator with the best found parameters.

Only available if refit=True and the underlying estimator supports predict_proba.

Parameters
Xindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.

score(X, y=None)[source]

Returns the score on the given data, if the estimator has been refit.

This uses the score defined by scoring where provided, and the best_estimator_.score method otherwise.

Parameters
Xarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_features)

Input data, where n_samples is the number of samples and n_features is the number of features.

yarray-like of shape (n_samples, n_output) or (n_samples,), default=None

Target relative to X for classification or regression; None for unsupervised learning.

Returns
scorefloat
set_params(**params)[source]

Set the parameters of this estimator.

The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects (such as pipelines). The latter have parameters of the form <component>__<parameter> so that it’s possible to update each component of a nested object.

Parameters
**paramsdict

Estimator parameters.

Returns
selfobject

Estimator instance.

property total_iterations

Count total iterations that will be taken to explore all subspaces with fit method.

Returns
max_iter: int, total number of iterations to explore
transform(X)[source]

Call transform on the estimator with the best found parameters.

Only available if the underlying estimator supports transform and refit=True.

Parameters
Xindexable, length n_samples

Must fulfill the input assumptions of the underlying estimator.