from sklearn.utils import check_random_state
from .base import base_minimize
from ..utils import cook_estimator
[docs]def gbrt_minimize(func, dimensions, base_estimator=None,
n_calls=100, n_random_starts=None,
n_initial_points=10,
initial_point_generator="random",
acq_func="EI", acq_optimizer="auto",
x0=None, y0=None, random_state=None, verbose=False,
callback=None, n_points=10000, xi=0.01, kappa=1.96,
n_jobs=1, model_queue_size=None):
"""Sequential optimization using gradient boosted trees.
Gradient boosted regression trees are used to model the (very)
expensive to evaluate function `func`. The model is improved
by sequentially evaluating the expensive function at the next
best point. Thereby finding the minimum of `func` with as
few evaluations as possible.
The total number of evaluations, `n_calls`, are performed like the
following. If `x0` is provided but not `y0`, then the elements of `x0`
are first evaluated, followed by `n_initial_points` evaluations.
Finally, `n_calls - len(x0) - n_initial_points` evaluations are
made guided by the surrogate model. If `x0` and `y0` are both
provided then `n_initial_points` evaluations are first made then
`n_calls - n_initial_points` subsequent evaluations are made
guided by the surrogate model.
The first `n_initial_points` are generated by the
`initial_point_generator`.
Parameters
----------
func : callable
Function to minimize. Should take a single list of parameters
and return the objective value.
If you have a search-space where all dimensions have names,
then you can use `skopt.utils.use_named_args` as a decorator
on your objective function, in order to call it directly
with the named arguments. See `use_named_args` for an example.
dimensions : list, shape (n_dims,)
List of search space dimensions.
Each search dimension can be defined either as
- a `(lower_bound, upper_bound)` tuple (for `Real` or `Integer`
dimensions),
- a `(lower_bound, upper_bound, "prior")` tuple (for `Real`
dimensions),
- as a list of categories (for `Categorical` dimensions), or
- an instance of a `Dimension` object (`Real`, `Integer` or
`Categorical`).
base_estimator : `GradientBoostingQuantileRegressor`
The regressor to use as surrogate model
n_calls : int, default: 100
Number of calls to `func`.
n_random_starts : int, default: None
Number of evaluations of `func` with random points before
approximating it with `base_estimator`.
.. deprecated:: 0.8
use `n_initial_points` instead.
n_initial_points : int, default: 10
Number of evaluations of `func` with initialization points
before approximating it with `base_estimator`. Initial point
generator can be changed by setting `initial_point_generator`.
initial_point_generator : str, InitialPointGenerator instance, \
default: `"random"`
Sets a initial points generator. Can be either
- `"random"` for uniform random numbers,
- `"sobol"` for a Sobol' sequence,
- `"halton"` for a Halton sequence,
- `"hammersly"` for a Hammersly sequence,
- `"lhs"` for a latin hypercube sequence,
- `"grid"` for a uniform grid sequence
acq_func : string, default: `"LCB"`
Function to minimize over the forest posterior. Can be either
- `"LCB"` for lower confidence bound.
- `"EI"` for negative expected improvement.
- `"PI"` for negative probability of improvement.
- ``"EIps"`` for negated expected improvement per second to take into
account the function compute time. Then, the objective function is
assumed to return two values, the first being the objective value and
the second being the time taken.
- `"PIps"` for negated probability of improvement per second.
x0 : list, list of lists or `None`
Initial input points.
- If it is a list of lists, use it as a list of input points.
- If it is a list, use it as a single initial input point.
- If it is `None`, no initial input points are used.
y0 : list, scalar or `None`
Evaluation of initial input points.
- If it is a list, then it corresponds to evaluations of the function
at each element of `x0` : the i-th element of `y0` corresponds
to the function evaluated at the i-th element of `x0`.
- If it is a scalar, then it corresponds to the evaluation of the
function at `x0`.
- If it is None and `x0` is provided, then the function is evaluated
at each element of `x0`.
random_state : int, RandomState instance, or None (default)
Set random state to something other than None for reproducible
results.
verbose : boolean, default: False
Control the verbosity. It is advised to set the verbosity to True
for long optimization runs.
callback : callable, optional
If provided, then `callback(res)` is called after call to func.
n_points : int, default: 10000
Number of points to sample when minimizing the acquisition function.
xi : float, default: 0.01
Controls how much improvement one wants over the previous best
values. Used when the acquisition is either `"EI"` or `"PI"`.
kappa : float, default: 1.96
Controls how much of the variance in the predicted values should be
taken into account. If set to be very high, then we are favouring
exploration over exploitation and vice versa.
Used when the acquisition is `"LCB"`.
n_jobs : int, default: 1
The number of jobs to run in parallel for `fit` and `predict`.
If -1, then the number of jobs is set to the number of cores.
model_queue_size : int or None, default: None
Keeps list of models only as long as the argument given. In the
case of None, the list has no capped length.
Returns
-------
res : `OptimizeResult`, scipy object
The optimization result returned as a OptimizeResult object.
Important attributes are:
- `x` [list]: location of the minimum.
- `fun` [float]: function value at the minimum.
- `models`: surrogate models used for each iteration.
- `x_iters` [list of lists]: location of function evaluation for each
iteration.
- `func_vals` [array]: function value for each iteration.
- `space` [Space]: the optimization space.
- `specs` [dict]`: the call specifications.
- `rng` [RandomState instance]: State of the random state
at the end of minimization.
For more details related to the OptimizeResult object, refer
http://docs.scipy.org/doc/scipy/reference/generated/scipy.optimize.OptimizeResult.html
.. seealso:: functions :class:`skopt.gp_minimize`,
:class:`skopt.dummy_minimize`, :class:`skopt.forest_minimize`
"""
# Check params
rng = check_random_state(random_state)
if base_estimator is None:
base_estimator = cook_estimator("GBRT", random_state=rng,
n_jobs=n_jobs)
return base_minimize(func, dimensions, base_estimator,
n_calls=n_calls, n_points=n_points,
n_random_starts=n_random_starts,
n_initial_points=n_initial_points,
initial_point_generator=initial_point_generator,
x0=x0, y0=y0, random_state=random_state, xi=xi,
kappa=kappa, acq_func=acq_func, verbose=verbose,
callback=callback, acq_optimizer="sampling",
model_queue_size=model_queue_size)
